Annotated Bibliography

Office Cantonal de la Statistique, « Atlas Statistique de Canton de Genève et de la Région Transfrontalière »

A Géoclip observatory offers a range of tools for exploring, analyzing, comparing, representing, mapping and exporting a large number of localized statistical indicators. Among these tools, thematic mapping plays a major role. The specific page within the atlas displays data related to asylum seeker participation in Geneva for the year 2021. The data is presented in a map view, allowing users to visually explore the distribution of asylum applications across different areas within the Canton of Geneva.

Dufour, Alfred. Histoire de Genève. QUE SAIS-JE, 2015.

Book about the history of Geneva. Official summary: The first mention of Geneva in the writings of Julius Caesar establishes the city's geographical, economic, ethnic and institutional framework. In the Middle Ages, political and religious emancipation facilitated Geneva's rallying to the Protestant Reformation. The break with its prince-bishop led to the creation of a sovereign Protestant Republic. Today, Geneva is an international city.

Kuntz, Joëlle. Genève, histoire d'une vocation internationale. Zoé, 2010.

Book about the history of Geneva. Official summary: Where does Geneva's international reputation come from? Who put this small town's name on the world map? Joëlle Kuntz explores the historical circumstances of this enigma, dividing them into four founding moments: the Reformation, the Red Cross, the League of Nations and the UN. The journalist puts her sense of synthesis and irreverence at the service of a well-known but little-told story — that of Geneva's international face.

Whisler, Domonique. Diagnostic Local de Sécurité. Geneva Official Report (2020)

The police maintain a favourable image in Geneva, where 90% of the population are satisfied with their work. More specifically, 66% believe the police treat every resident equally. The foreigners living in Geneva have a more positive view of the police (69% approval) than the Swiss (58%). There is a strong discrepancy in the feeling of security depending on the neighbourhood — 42% of the inhabitants of Vernier feel insecure, while residents of Rive Gauche, a more affluent neighbourhood, continue to feel more secure.

Barazzone, Guillaume. Police municipal en Ville : aujourd'hui et demain. (2013)

This report by Guillaume Barazonne, former mayor of Geneva and current Conseiller administratif, focuses on the priorities of the municipal police, also known as "proximity police." The top priority mentioned is noise reduction, as complaints about noise are common among the people of Geneva. The report also highlights the use of the "broken window" theory, which suggests that visible signs of crime contribute to further antisocial behavior. The second important issue addressed is the fight against street criminality.

Klauser, Francisco et al. Professional Drone Usage In Switzerland: Results Of A Quantitative Survey Of Public And Private Drone Users. Working Paper 2 – 2017/E. Neuchâtel: Maison d'analyse des processus sociaux, 2017.

Drones have become widely accessible tools, prompting debates on their opportunities and risks. However, little research has explored the demographics and purposes of drone users in Switzerland. This paper addresses this gap by summarizing a quantitative survey of public and private drone users. The findings reveal the extent and expected future trends of professional drone usage in the country, highlighting key economic, privacy, and security issues.

Leroy, Raphaël. 'Deux gangs de motards se disputent le canton de Genève.' RTS, 23 May 2022.

Saturday 22 May 2022, shortly after midnight in Geneva, shots were exchanged in a crowded bar in the city centre. The altercation involved members of two motorcycle gangs: the Hells Angels on one side and the Bandidos on the other. This rare scene of public shooting cast light on biker gangs, their internal rules and drug trafficking activities. The Bandidos have their 'territory' and headquarters in Annemasse, near the border, sparking tension with the Hells Angels.

Mansour, Fati. 'Le sommet de l'horreur jugé à Genève.' Le Temps, 27 May 2021.

This case of a 26-year-old doctor living in Plainpalais, followed home after work and tortured, raped and killed at her home, traumatised public opinion in Geneva. The horror of the case and its lack of motive had a lasting effect on anyone who heard it. It is notable that Geneva has a psychiatric prison named Curabilis, with a budget of 90 million per year for roughly 90 detainees — making it one of the most expensive facilities per detainee in the world.

Jaquets, Stéphanie. 'Les deux agresseurs de Saint-Jean condamnés à 15 et 12 ans de prison.' RTS, 13 March 2019.

In January 2017, five individuals violently attacked two adults who were talking quietly in Saint-Jean, using kicks, fists, baseball bats and motorcycle helmets. The gang left them for dead. The two victims are now very seriously disabled and will remain so for the rest of their lives. One will be permanently bedridden and has permanently lost her capacity for discernment; the other suffers violent epileptic seizures.

Mansour, Fati. 'La mort brutale d'Adeline secoue Genève.' Le Temps.

A recidivist, convicted twice for rape, killed his sociotherapist during an outdoor activity as part of a therapeutic programme including horse therapy. This case sparked a debate on therapeutic activities and on how authorities can best assess the dangerousness of a convict on his path to progressive liberty. It attracted vivid media attention in Geneva and was referred to as the 'Adeline Affair', named after the victim.

Fall, Juliet Jane, and Julie De Dardel. "Safe spaces in the city: security, scale and masculinity during the Geneva summit." Political Geography (2021): 102484.

Fall and De Dardel compare two events in Geneva: the Biden-Putin summit and a women's rights protest. They find that these events, while intertwined in society, exist in separate spheres. The extensive security measures — including barbed wire and anti-aircraft missiles — created a theatrical display, with the summit venue as the stage. The geographers question why protesters altered their route to avoid disruption while summit participants effortlessly wielded immense state power.

Klauser, Francisco. "Policing with the drone: Towards an aerial geopolitics of security." Security Dialogue 53:2 (2022): 148–163.

This article examines the impact of a new police drone in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, on air-related policing practices. It explores the transformation of the aerial realm as a context, object, and perspective of policing. By investigating the elemental, affective, sensory, cognitive, and practical dimensions of the aerial volumes influenced by drones, the study develops an 'aerial geopolitics of security.'

Forum Genevois sur la Sécurité. Recommandations sur la vidéosurveillance. June 2016.

The use of video surveillance is part of a broader security concept, but it can seriously infringe on privacy, and strict requirements must be met before implementation. Before installing a surveillance system, one must consider the risks that need to be addressed and determine if less intrusive measures can achieve the same goals. An effective security strategy should include technical, organizational, and human components.

Favre, Eric, Marcel-Aymé Chevalley, and Herman Constanzo. Quid de la vidéosurveillance en Ville de Genève? Constats et perspectives. 2008.

Post-September 11, societies increasingly radicalize their security approach, investing in urban security technologies. The UK exemplifies this with a ratio of 1 surveillance camera per 14 inhabitants. However, video surveillance is not a security cure-all, and its effectiveness remains debated. In Geneva, legislation is unclear, and a draft law on personal data protection is being considered. This report recommends applying video surveillance standards, initiating public debate, and formalizing security policies.

Kaenzig, Raoul & Francisco Klauser. Evaluation de la vidéoprotection dans le quartier des Pâquis (2014–2016). Université de Neuchâtel, 2016.

The final report on the evaluation of video protection in the Pâquis district is divided into two distinct parts. The first forms the theoretical and methodological basis of the evaluation. The second presents the final results of the evaluation of the video surveillance system in Pâquis, two years after the cameras went into service, structured along five axes corresponding to the terms of reference.

rts.ch. "Les drones perçus comme des caméras de surveillance en Suisse." InfoSport, 22 March 2016.

In Switzerland alone, there are an estimated 22,000 drones for public or private use. Francisco Klause, professor of Geography at the University of Neuchâtel, led a survey on the social acceptability of drones — the first of its kind. For 87% of people surveyed, drones are perceived as mobile surveillance cameras. The same majority claims the right to be informed when one is observed. Finally, 72% of opinions collected would approve banning any observation of public spaces by drones.

Francey, Olivier. "Le bilan contrasté de la vidéosurveillance à Genève." Le Temps, 15 November 2016.

"Dans la sécurité, la technologie s'invite à tous les échelons." Heidi.news, 21 December 2022.

Surveillance technology is pervasive yet often unseen, operating in a passive manner. In Geneva, the extent of digital surveillance remains uncertain, with no centralized database for camera locations. Some cameras are privately owned but accessible to the police. The data generated by our behaviors enables preemptive action against crime. Police now employ predictive policing software, leveraging automated algorithms and various data sources for analysis.

"Données personnelles: Gare, gare!" Blick, 25 February 2023.

The Swiss Federal Railways (CFF) plan to use cameras to collect anonymous statistical data on passenger flow through train stations, including age and gender, to optimize restaurant and store locations and manage crowds. Opponents worry about the potential invasiveness of the technology and the possibility of collecting personal information in the future.

"Avec les CFF, on a déjà pris le train de la surveillance de masse." Heidi.news.

The article reports on a surveillance system implemented by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) that collects information from the passenger Wi-Fi network, including IP addresses, device information, and browsing history, and uses it to track and identify individuals. This data is shared with law enforcement authorities upon request. The article discusses concerns about the lack of transparency and consent surrounding this system.

"Pas de surveillance de masse dans les gares suisses!" AlgorithmWatch CH.

Swiss Federal Railways (CFF) plan to extensively monitor over 50 Swiss railway stations from September 2023, collecting and analyzing sensitive data including passenger movements, purchases, and personal characteristics using a new customer attendance measurement system. Hidden cameras will capture information such as age, sex, and baggage details. Civil society organizations urge the CFF to refrain from implementing biometric identification and tracking systems.

"«Pas de reconnaissance faciale dans les gares»." SBB News.

Swiss Federal Railways (CFF) have launched a public tender to install a new passenger flow management system in train stations. The CFF has clarified that facial recognition will not be used in the new system and that it is committed to respecting data protection laws. The public and data protection officials have been critical of the potential use of facial recognition in the project.

"Traqués à notre insu: Faute de dire «non», la Suisse est en train de dire «oui»." Heidi.news.

Swiss federal law is the only law that regulates facial recognition in public spaces, leaving private companies free to use it. The federal data protection commissioner is asking the CFF to carry out a risk assessment before launching its facial recognition programme for commercial purposes. The programme will be deployed in 50 Swiss stations, starting with Schaffhausen from September 2023.

"Caméras dans les gares – «Les gens craignent une société de surveillance de masse»." Tribune de Genève, 23 February 2023.

The Swiss are increasingly worried about the rise of a surveillance society. A poll showed that 60% of respondents felt that the right to privacy was threatened, with fears over government access to personal data without permission. Respondents were also concerned about the use of facial recognition technology, with 72% saying they were against the technology being used in public spaces.

"Reconnaissance faciale – Le projet de caméras des CFF suscite une levée de boucliers." Tribune de Genève, 16 February 2023.

The Swiss Federal Railways (CFF) plan to install cameras at several train stations across Switzerland has sparked concerns among civil liberties advocates and data protection experts, who fear the move will lead to an increase in surveillance and a breach of privacy.

Meschenmoser, M. "SBB bespitzeln Passagiere bald auf Schritt und Tritt." KTIPP.ch.

The Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) are allegedly planning to introduce a new surveillance system that would track passengers' movements and activities in real-time using cameras and sensors. The article raises concerns about the potential invasion of privacy and violation of personal rights that such a system could entail.

Kaenzig, Raoul, and Francisco Klauser. "Vidéosurveillance et insécurités urbaines: Etude de l'efficacité préventive du dispositif de caméras installé au quartier des Pâquis à Genève."

Drawing upon police statistics, this paper explores the impacts of CCTV cameras installed in November 2014 in the Pâquis neighbourhood in Geneva. In line with former studies, the results underline the limited preventative effects of the CCTV system. The analysis shows that cameras are inducing criminality displacement, mainly of drug trafficking. Overall, the study provides a differentiated and complex image of CCTV systems as instruments of territorialization of monitored areas.

Klauser, Francisco. "La vidéosurveillance comme mécanisme de production disciplinaire de l'espace public." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 81, no. 4 (2004): 631–646.

Based on a spatial distribution study of video-surveillance cameras in Geneva, this article explores various surveillance strategies and their impact on urban territory. The dominance of private institutions using video surveillance fosters privatization, disciplinary measures, and territorial fragmentation. In Geneva, 37.5% of cameras in public spaces belong to the financial sector. Concerningly, residents are unaware whether they are being filmed by private or state actors.

Klauser, Francisco & Raoul Kaenzig. "Territorialisation à distance par caméra vidéo: Perception de la vidéosurveillance au quartier des Pâquis à Genève." Geogr Helv 72:3 (2017): 271–282.

Based on two surveys conducted in Geneva in 2015 and 2016, this paper examines residents' perceptions of video surveillance in the Pâquis area. It reveals that when control is delegated to distant systems, a "mental distance" emerges between those being monitored and the surveillance system. People quickly forget about the cameras, and the cameras gradually lose relevance in daily life, limiting their symbolic power.

Le PPDT – Vidéosurveillance — Avis de droit du 10 octobre 2022. ge.ch.

The "Préposé cantonal à la protection des données et à la transparence" (PPDT) has been asked about the use of "bodycams" in Geneva's prisons, and more particularly about the conformity of the use of "bodycams" with the current legal framework.

Le PPDT – Vidéosurveillance — Avis du 22 mars 2022. ge.ch.

On March 16, 2022, the Department of the Territory requested the opinion of the Cantonal Data Protection and Transparency Commissioner in the context of a draft law on waste (PL 12993). The Department wishes to authorize the installation of video surveillance systems for the purpose of prosecuting offences and to allow the recording of offences based on video surveillance.

Le PPDT – Vidéosurveillance — Avis du 7 septembre 2021. ge.ch.

The Secretary General of the Judicial Power submitted a project for a Judicial Power regulation on access to documents and personal data to the Cantonal Ombudsman for review. The Judicial Power intends for the project to take the form of a regulation rather than a directive of application of the LIPAD due to its independence.

Le PPDT – Vidéosurveillance — Avis du 28 juin 2021. ge.ch.

The Department of Territory requested the opinion of the Cantonal Ombudsman for Data Protection and Transparency on a proposed modification to the LIPAD. The modification aims to add a new purpose for video surveillance: to ensure public health in communal waste disposal sites and prevent illegal dumping and damage.

Le PPDT – Vidéosurveillance — Avis du 8 octobre 2020. ge.ch.

The Department of Territory requested the opinion of the Cantonal Ombudsman for Data Protection and Transparency on a proposed law on waste, specifically regarding the use of video surveillance recordings in the identification of offenses. The legal basis for the request is Article 56 paragraph 3 letter e of the LIPAD and Article 23 paragraph 8 of the RIPAD.

Le PPDT – Vidéosurveillance — Avis de droit du 8 janvier 2019. ge.ch.

The cantonal commissioner is regularly approached by individuals who wish to install a video surveillance system that would film, incidentally, small portions of the public domain. This situation is legally unclear due to the involvement of several authorities and rules relating to video surveillance that leave a certain margin of appreciation. This legal opinion recalls the applicable rules and focuses on the "grey zone" of private surveillance of a portion of the public domain.

Le PPDT – Vidéosurveillance — Avis du 27 février 2018. ge.ch.

The Director of Legal Affairs at the Canton of Geneva's Detention Office requested the opinion of the Cantonal Data Protection and Transparency Officer on a proposed regulation on security and hearing brigades. The regulation included a chapter on video surveillance based on the Swiss Criminal Code and other federal laws.

Le PPDT – Vidéosurveillance — Avis du 17 mai 2016. ge.ch.

The State Internal Audit Service found in December 2015 that the Directorate General of Transports (DGT) did not comply with certain provisions of the LIPAD in the management of traffic cameras. The DGT recorded continuous images for traffic surveillance and analysis, which was contrary to the RIPAD. It is suggested that the RIPAD should be adapted to allow for continuous recording.

Le PPDT – Vidéosurveillance — Avis du 4 mars 2014. ge.ch.

The Deputy Secretary General of the Department of Security and Economy submitted a draft regulation on the establishment of detention for detainees requiring psychiatric care to the Cantonal Data Protection and Transparency Commissioner for review, due to its impact on personal data protection under Article 64 on the video surveillance system.

Morlok, Michael et al. Les Sans-Papiers en Suisse en 2015. Secrétariat d'Etat aux migrations (SEM).

The Swiss State Secretariat for Migration (SEM) commissioned a study to estimate the number of undocumented immigrants in Switzerland and to examine labor market access and regulations on hardship cases. The study suggests there are between 58,000 and 105,000 undocumented immigrants (excluding EU/AELE nationals), with the most likely estimate being 76,000. About 90% of undocumented adult immigrants are employed, with half working in private households.

Département de la cohésion sociale (DCS). Opération Papyrus : Bilan Final. (2020)

Powerpoint of the final report of the Papyrus project, which granted legal status to undocumented migrants in the Canton of Geneva.

"La fouille du smartphone, une nouvelle étape sur les routes de l'exil." SWI swissinfo.ch, 24 September 2021.

Switzerland has passed a law allowing authorities to search the mobile phones of asylum seekers if they cannot prove their identities in other ways. The data collected will be saved on a secure server for up to a year. The new law has drawn criticism from organizations defending asylum seekers, including the UN's Refugee Agency, as an infringement on the right to privacy.

"Prise de position sur le référendum sur Frontex." Humanrights.ch.

humanrights.ch, a Swiss NGO, expresses its opposition to Switzerland's participation in Frontex, citing concerns about human rights violations at the EU's external borders and the lack of transparency and accountability of the agency.

"Le renforcement de Frontex largement appuyé par la population suisse." rts.ch, 15 May 2022.

Swiss citizens approved a referendum to enhance participation in Frontex with 71.5% support. Switzerland's contribution will increase from CHF 24 million to CHF 61 million by 2027. However, refugee advocacy groups criticize Frontex reinforcement, citing concerns about border violence, illegal expulsions, and human rights abuses.

Musadak, Mohamed. "Les régularisations de sans-papiers ont baissé de 60 % à Genève." rts.ch, 21 March 2022.

The Swiss canton of Geneva regularized about 500 undocumented migrants in 2021, down from 1,250 the previous year — a 60% drop attributed to a catch-up effect after the official end of the Papyrus operation in December 2018, which granted legal status to 3,000 people.

Forti, Mirko. "AI-driven migration management procedures: fundamental rights issues and regulatory answers." BioLaw Journal 2 (2021): 433–451.

Artificial Intelligence can represent a valuable resource in managing migration flows — algorithms can perform border controls, identity checks and predictive policing. However, the utilization of such tools in the migration context raises serious issues. The presence of bias in datasets can lead to outcomes detrimental to the already vulnerable conditions of migrants. Furthermore, the inherent opaqueness of AI algorithms does not allow the formulation of a clear accountability framework.

Vitale, Salvatore & Lars Willumeit, eds. How to Secure a Country: from Border Policing Via Weather Forecast to Social Engineering: a Visual Study of 21st Century Statehood. Zürich: Lars Müller Publishers, 2019.

Switzerland's reputation as a safe and efficient country stems from its culture of protection and national security measures. Salvatore Vitale, an immigrant in Switzerland, researched the origins and integration of this security-focused culture following the 2014 federal popular initiative "against massive immigration." The book uses photographs, diagrams, and illustrations to examine the country's practical security protocols and solutions.

Geneva Dialogue on Responsible Behaviour in Cyberspace. 'Security of digital products and international standards' — Report and messages. 28 May 2021.

The Geneva Dialogue cultivates a shared vision with leading businesses for secure digital products. Through online discussions, industry representatives, diplomats, regulators, and standard-setting organizations collaboratively explore future norms, regulations, and standardization to bolster the security of digital products. The inaugural discussion drew participants from various countries, providing insights into the evolving landscape and the growing convergence of private and industrial information technology.

Jackson, Yves, Roberta Petrucci, and Noémie Wagner. Conditions de vie, santé et sécurité alimentaire des familles avec enfants participant aux distributions alimentaires durant la crise du Covid-19 à Genève. MSF & Geneva University Hospital, 2020.

During the COVID-19 lockdown in Geneva, free food distribution was organized by the "caravane de la Solidarité." A study on beneficiaries found that 21.8% of participants lacked proper documentation, while 53% faced housing difficulties. The study showed that 26.5% of respondents had already compromised their food intake before the crisis, which rose to 68.1% during the pandemic.

Switzerland Global Enterprise. Switzerland as a Cybersecurity Location. 2020.

Switzerland's strengths — including neutrality, legal certainty, and political stability — extend to the cybersecurity sector. Its key assets include strong privacy protection and highly skilled engineers. International companies like Kaspersky and SWIFT choose Switzerland for regional data centers. The "Trust Valley," a digital trust and cybersecurity center, was launched in October 2020 by the Cantons of Vaud and Geneva.

Elci, Aylin. "Cyberwar over Ukraine Raises Questions about International Geneva's Digital Safety." Geneva Solutions, 3 August 2022.

Switzerland faces cybersecurity challenges, with vulnerable systems in 130 companies and communes and an increase of 65% in cyberattacks compared to 2020. Geneva, home to numerous international organizations and NGOs, is a prime target. The recent cyberattack on the ICRC compromised data of over 515,000 individuals. The CyberPeace Institute provides training to NGOs, assisting 20 organizations and aiming to support 100 by 2022.

"La police aura son centre de cybercriminalité." Tribune de Genève, 9 April 2019.

Plancade, Joan. "Arc Lémanique – La Trust Valley face au vertige de la cybercriminalité." Bilan, 4 May 2022.

The Trust Valley initiative aims to make Switzerland a global leader in the field of digital trust by bringing together industry leaders, researchers, and policymakers to create a more secure and trustworthy digital ecosystem. The initiative has the backing of Swiss President Ueli Maurer and will focus on four key areas: cybersecurity, blockchain, digital identity, and data privacy.

Kreiss, D., & Mcgregor, S. C. (2019). The “Arbiters of What Our Voters See”: Facebook and Google’s Struggle with Policy, Process, and Enforcement around Political Advertising. Political Communication, 36(4), 499–522.

This paper examines how Facebook and Google handle political advertising on their platforms. Based on interviews with former employees, it reveals that while both companies avoid being arbiters of political discourse, they actively review paid content. The study highlights internal debates within each company and the influence of external events on content policies. However, decision-making processes are often opaque, lacking transparency and clear justifications to campaigns and the public. This limits opportunities for political practitioners to contest regulatory decisions. The authors advocate for greater capacity for public engagement and more robust mechanisms within these firms to address content decisions.

Schwarz, Ori. 2019. “Facebook Rules: Structures of Governance in Digital Capitalism and the Control of Generalised Social Capital.” Theory, Culture & Society.

This article examines the governance of Facebook and its implications for other internet corporations. It argues that corporations have a vested interest in governing human interactions for profit and making decisions on political issues. Facebook effectively governs and controls users by transforming different forms of capital into general social capital and by threatening to seize accumulated social capital. Digital platforms, contrary to the perception of decentralized governance, engage in legislation, justice administration, punishment, and utilize diverse governing apparatuses such as algorithms, judicial labor, and quasi-constitutional documents. These patterns shed light on broader dynamics in the digital capitalism landscape.

"Geneva Is to Become the International Capital of Digital Governance.” Accessed May 25, 2022.

In an interview during the Swiss Digital Days, Federal Councillor Ignazio Cassis emphasizes the significance of digital transformation and Switzerland's role. The Federal Council's Foreign Policy Strategy 2020-2023 includes digitization as a priority issue for the first time, alongside peace, security, prosperity, and sustainability. Mr Cassis highlights how digitization is fundamentally reshaping our lives and the world, impacting Switzerland's foreign policy. Switzerland aims for international leadership in digital governance, with International Geneva hosting over half of global governance discussions. Swiss initiatives like GESDA and the Cyberpeace Institute contribute to this influence, while ensuring that international law principles adapt to the digital realm remains crucial.

Switzerland — Data Protection Overview. DataGuidance (8 July 2021).

This article provides a concise overview of Switzerland's data protection laws. It highlights the constitutional right to privacy and the governing texts, such as the Federal Act on Data Protection 1992 and the Swiss Civil Code. It also notes that Switzerland has enacted its own data protection law, distinct from the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation, while aligning with the Council of Europe's Modernised Convention for the Protection of Individuals.

"L'idée d'un cloud souverain réapparaît en Suisse." rts.ch, 8 March 2022.

Switzerland is considering developing a sovereign cloud to protect the security and access of its data, without using tools from US or Chinese companies. With the rise of cyberattacks, the idea is to create a digital safe for citizens, businesses and international organisations. Currently, the federal administration is preparing contracts with private clouds like Amazon and Alibaba, but some politicians want to create a Swiss-made infrastructure. However, the Swiss Federal Council currently sees investing in its own infrastructure as impractical.

"Le cloud de la Confédération fourni par quatre géants américains et Alibaba." rts.ch, 30 June 2021.

The Swiss Confederation has awarded cloud service contracts worth CHF 110m to tech giants Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, and Alibaba. The selection was based on factors such as competitive pricing, discounts, and established data centers. While concerns were raised regarding Alibaba's ties to the Chinese Communist Party, their competitive pricing influenced the decision. The absence of European providers sparked concerns about sovereignty and digital autonomy.

"Snowden's memoir: Key takeaways on his time in Geneva." SWI Swissinfo.ch, 19 September 2019.

Edward Snowden's memoir, "Permanent Record," delves into his life and his two-year stay in Geneva from 2007 to 2009. Snowden highlights Geneva as a prime target-rich environment, hosting organizations like the International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Telecommunication Union, and the World Trade Organisation. He suggests the CIA targeted the Swiss banking industry and recounts a failed operation to recruit a Saudi banker. The memoir sheds light on his unease with the lavish lifestyles of the super-rich in Geneva, contrasting with the hardships faced by friends in the US.

« Public Clouds Confédération » – préparation des contrats avec les fournisseurs. Swiss Federal Administration.

The "Public Clouds Confederation" project enables the Swiss federal administration to acquire scalable cloud computing services from five providers for five years. Public clouds will supplement private clouds and data centers, with highly protected applications and data remaining in federal administration data centers. Compliance with legal requirements and governance rules is mandatory, including a thorough risk analysis before utilizing public clouds for data processing.

Barbey, Grégoire. "Il est temps de reconnaître l'intégrité numérique des individus." Le Temps, 25 January 2019.

This opinion article focuses on recognizing the importance of digital integrity for individuals and its connection to fundamental rights. It emphasizes the need for protecting personal data and highlights the responsibility of companies in this regard. It argues that digital integrity should be considered a fundamental right, urging for legal frameworks and regulations to ensure its protection.

"L'intégrité numérique bientôt reconnue et protégée en Suisse?" Heidi.news, 16 February 2023.

The article discusses the upcoming recognition and protection of digital integrity in Switzerland. It highlights the efforts to introduce legal measures acknowledging individuals' digital integrity, including the importance of protecting personal data, ensuring freedom of movement, and safeguarding privacy in the digital realm.

Cabré, Gabriela. "Le canton de Genève pourrait inscrire l'intégrité numérique dans sa Constitution." rts.ch, 19 May 2022.

The canton of Geneva in Switzerland is considering the inclusion of digital integrity in its constitution, aiming to recognize and protect individuals' digital integrity as a fundamental right. The inclusion would serve as a significant step towards safeguarding individuals' rights in the digital realm and could set an example for other regions.

Frammery, Catherine. "Grégoire Barbey et Alexis Roussel: «Notre intégrité numérique est à conquérir»." Le Temps, 15 May 2021.

This article features an interview with Grégoire Barbey and Alexis Roussel, who discuss the concept of digital integrity and their efforts to promote and protect it. They highlight the need to conquer digital integrity by creating awareness, fostering collaboration between different stakeholders, and developing technological solutions that respect individual rights.

Koller, Rodolphe. "L'intégrité numérique ancrée dans la Constitution genevoise?" ICTjournal, 28 September 2022.

The Grand Council of Geneva has adopted a draft law to anchor the right to digital integrity in the canton's Constitution. If approved by the people, the law would make Geneva a pioneer in this regard, with rights related to protection against abusive treatment, online security, and offline life. The proposed article includes rights such as protection against abusive data processing, cybersecurity, the right to be forgotten, and the right to an offline life.

Pasquier, Jean-Pierre & Bertrand Reich. "En reconnaissant l'intégrité numérique, Genève pourrait être pionnière [OPINION]." Heidi.news, 12 October 2022.

The article discusses the possibility of Geneva becoming a pioneer in recognizing digital integrity. By anchoring the right to digital integrity in its Constitution, Geneva aims to protect individuals in the digital realm and could set an example for other regions, contributing to ongoing discussions on digital rights and data protection.

Seydtaghia, Anouch. "Genève, pionnier pour le respect de l'intégrité numérique." Le Temps, 26 September 2022.

Rochel, Johan. "Connecting the Dots: Digital Integrity as a Human Right." Human Rights Law Review 21:2 (June 2021): 358–383.

This article advocates for recognizing digital integrity as a fundamental human right — either as a standalone right or as an interpretative principle for other related rights. Digital integrity encompasses the protection of individuals in a world dominated by pervasive digital technologies, ensuring consistency between the safeguarding of human dignity, freedom, and privacy. The article explores a republican perspective on digital integrity and its implications for other rights.

Vardanyan, Lusine, Václav Stehlík & Hovsep Kocharyan. "Digital Integrity: A Foundation for Digital Rights and the New Manifestation of Human Dignity." TalTech Journal of European Studies 12:1 (2022): 159–185.

The article discusses the challenges of data protection in the digital age, focusing on the concept of digital integrity. It argues that personal data cannot be effectively protected solely through a separate right to personal data protection, which primarily serves market regulation. Instead, the article proposes considering digital integrity as a new foundation for digital rights, aligned with the concept of human dignity.

Montavon, Michael & Livio di Tria. "Droit à l'intégrité numérique : une réponse dans l'air du temps?" swissprivacy.law, 12 May 2023.

This article provides an overview of Swiss privacy law and its relationship with the GDPR. It discusses the key principles and obligations outlined in the Swiss Federal Data Protection Act (DPA) and compares them to the GDPR. The article highlights the importance of compliance with both Swiss and EU regulations for organizations handling personal data and examines the role of the Swiss Data Protection Authority (FDPIC) in enforcing data protection laws.

Guillaume, Florence & Pascal Mahon, eds. Le droit à l'intégrité numérique. Bâle: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 2021.

The book brings together eight contributions examining the right to digital integrity. It opens with two contributions presenting the concept of digital integrity — from which it emerges that the right to digital integrity must be seen in relation to the recognition of a digital life (Alexis Roussel), and that the role of this right is to crystallize a conception of individual freedom in the digital environment (Johan Rochel). Further contributions analyze digital integrity from the perspectives of constitutional law, civil law, criminal law, data protection, freedom of the press, and private international law.

Roussel, Alexis & Grégoire Barbey. Notre Si Précieuse Intégrité Numérique: Plaidoyer Pour une Révolution Humaniste. Namur: Slatkine Editions, 2021.

The media frequently highlights scandals involving personal data use by web giants like GAFAM. However, the personal data economy extends beyond these companies to include others and governments. This raises questions about the meaning of personal data and the need for citizens to take control of their digital lives. The fight for fundamental rights in the digital era has begun, and this book explores new political thinking focused on the concept of digital integrity.

Riva, Sven & Florence Guillaume. "The right to digital integrity as a shield against the hegemony of Big Tech." LexTech Institute.

The text examines the US Capitol attack carried out by right-wing pro-Trump extremists, highlighting the role of social networks in spreading disinformation and radicalizing individuals. It discusses how algorithms exploit personal data to promote engaging but often misleading content, emphasizing the immense power of Big Tech companies. The concept of a right to digital integrity is explored as a potential solution to counter the control and influence of Big Tech.

Guillaume, Florence & Pascal Mahon. Le droit à l'intégrité numérique — summary. LexTech Institute.

The right to digital integrity has gained attention in discussions on how fundamental rights should address digital technology threats. The Council of Europe and Switzerland have explored incorporating this right into legal frameworks. It establishes a link between dignity, individual freedom, privacy, and informational self-determination. Digital integrity aims to protect individuals' capacity to act freely with technology, while extending the concept of freedom and privacy protection.

"Plus de 10 000 personnes contre la reconnaissance faciale automatisée!" Société Numérique, 18 May 2022.

The "Stop Facial Recognition" alliance has petitioned Swiss authorities, demanding a ban on automated facial recognition and biometric surveillance. The petition, signed by over 10,000 individuals, was delivered to mayors of major Swiss cities. Facial recognition technology is viewed as a threat to human rights and incompatible with freedoms like expression and assembly. The alliance, including Amnesty International Switzerland, AlgorithmWatch Switzerland, and the Digital Society, calls for a ban in public spaces.

"Will Switzerland distance itself from the EU on mass surveillance?" SWI Swissinfo.ch, 8 July 2021.

Negotiations between Switzerland and the EU have ended as the EU works to regulate AI-based mass surveillance, particularly biometric identification systems. While the new Swiss law on police measures to combat terrorism, approved by voters in June 2021, is seen by some observers as dangerously vague, it could indirectly increase the use of facial recognition technologies that Brussels is seeking to ban. Some cantonal police forces are already using biometric systems in criminal proceedings.

Keystone-SDA. "Launch of Geneva foundation to promote ethics in digital world." SWI Swissinfo.ch, 2 September 2019.

Former Swiss cabinet minister Doris Leuthard launched a new foundation at the 2020 World Economic Forum summit, aiming to harness the potential of digital technologies for the benefit of all. The foundation received support from Swiss President Ueli Maurer, top executives from Microsoft, Huawei, Google, Nestlé, Roche, and Credit Suisse, and UN representatives. Its focus is on fostering trust, transparency, and public-private partnerships.

"Digitalisation and Surveillance at Work: Is Your Boss Spying on You?" SWI Swissinfo.ch.

Global demand for employee surveillance technology has increased during the pandemic, causing concern in Switzerland, not least because the country's legal system is not set up to deal with it. The Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (FDPIC) has confirmed that the phenomenon is growing in scale and is under observation. During the pandemic, there has been an increase in reports concerning breaches of privacy at work, and the FDPIC has opened an investigation into one company.

Pedrozo, S. Drones militaires suisses et espace frontalier: une étude critique de la surveillance exercée par les gardes-frontières. Université de Neuchâtel, 2016.

This article explores the impact of military drone systems, specifically the ADS 95 Ranger, on the relationship between Swiss border guards and the border space. It discusses how these flying devices enable and limit the acquisition of new knowledge by border guards, leading to changes in surveillance practices and identification controls. The analysis is based on empirical data from interviews, action maps, and field observations during a "drone engagement" in September 2014.

RS 121 — Loi fédérale du 25 septembre 2015 sur le renseignement (LRens).

The Federal Intelligence Service Act (LRens) provides the legal framework for intelligence activities in Switzerland. It governs the collection, processing, and use of information by the Federal Intelligence Service, including provisions related to surveillance, data protection, and the rights of individuals. This is the primary legislative text governing domestic and foreign intelligence activities in Switzerland.

Loi Fédérale sur la Protection des Données (LPD), RS 235.1 (juin 1992).

The Swiss Federal Act on Data Protection (FADP) establishes the legal framework for data protection in Switzerland, ensuring the privacy and security of personal data. It covers data processing principles, the rights of data subjects, obligations of data controllers, and enforcement mechanisms. This is a core reference document for understanding Swiss data protection legislation.

Projet de Loi Constitutionnelle: Modifiant la Constitution de la République et Canton de Genève (Pour une protection forte de l'individu dans l'espace numérique), PL12945 (avril 2021).

The exponential growth of technology poses new challenges for which current law is inadequate. Geneva seeks to position itself as a "Trust Valley" in cybersecurity and plans to reform its constitution to fully regulate digital integrity. The proposed norm aims to guarantee fundamental rights and freedoms in the digital context. The Valais canton plans to include a similar reinforcement of digital integrity in its new constitution.

Loi sur l'Information du Public, l'Accès aux Documents et la Protection des Données Personnelles (LIPAD), A 2 08 (5 October 2001).

The Law on Public Information, Access to Documents, and Protection of Personal Data (LIPAD) governs institutional information and personal data protection in Geneva. Its aims are to promote free opinion-forming and protect the rights of individuals and legal entities regarding their personal data. Article 50 mandates the appointment of a LIPAD officer at relevant public institutions, responsible for ensuring compliance with the law.

Swiss Intelligence Agency. Annual Report: La Sécurité de la Suisse. 2021.

The COVID-19 pandemic will have long-term effects on national and international security policy. Switzerland's security is influenced by the growing rivalry between major powers. The latest Federal Intelligence Service (FIS) report highlights that the increased pressure to digitalize due to the pandemic has heightened vulnerability to cyber attacks, particularly through supply chains. Espionage remains a persistent challenge, with cyber espionage on the rise. Geneva remains a prime target due to its international organizations and diplomatic missions.

Mabillard, Boris. "Comment le Pire Attentat Prévu en Suisse a été Déjoué à Genève." Le Temps, 13 February 2020.

The Swiss intelligence agency foiled a jihadist terrorist attack planned by Swiss individuals linked to ISIS, targeting the fuel tanks of Vernier. The story was revealed by Le Temps after an investigation of several months. The article highlights the desire and capacity of ISIS to harm Swiss interests; some facts were not disclosed to avoid compromising ongoing investigations.

"Switzerland Is a Favourite Hub for Foreign Spies, Reports Paper." SWI Swissinfo.ch.

Switzerland is an increasingly favoured meeting place for foreign secret service agents according to the NZZ am Sonntag. The resurgence of Switzerland as a spy hub is due to the country's central geographical location, good infrastructure and low level of police surveillance. Sources say the number of meetings in Switzerland between foreign spies has "exploded" in recent years, with Geneva being a favourite location because of the large number of international organisations hosted there.

Scherrer, Amandine. "Lutte antiterroriste et surveillance du mouvement des personnes." Criminologie 46:1 (2013): 15–31.

This article examines the intersection of counter-terrorism measures and the surveillance of human movement. It explores how anti-terrorism frameworks have expanded the scope of surveillance, with implications for migration and the mobility of individuals. The study situates these developments within broader debates about security, civil liberties, and the expanding reach of state surveillance in contemporary societies.